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Integration of One-Dimensional Functions

Description

Adaptive quadrature of functions of one variable over a finite or infinite interval.

Usage

integrate(f, lower, upper, ..., subdivisions = 100L,
          rel.tol = .Machine$double.eps^0.25, abs.tol = rel.tol,
          stop.on.error = TRUE, keep.xy = FALSE, aux = NULL)

Dress Forever Selling Dress Casual Selling Forever Selling 21 Forever 21 Casual 21 Arguments

Details

Note that arguments after ... must be matched exactly.

If one or both limits are infinite, the infinite range is mapped onto a finite interval.

For a finite interval, globally adaptive interval subdivision is used in connection with extrapolation by Wynn's Epsilon algorithm, with the basic step being Gauss–Kronrod quadrature.

rel.tol cannot be less than max(50*.Machine$double.eps, 0.5e-28) if abs.tol <= 0.

In R versions <= 3.2.x, the first entries of lower and upper were used whereas an error is signalled now if they are not of length one.

Value

A list of class Dress 21 Forever 21 Selling Forever Dress Casual Selling Forever Selling Casual 21 "integrate" with components

Note

Like all numerical integration routines, these evaluate the function on a finite set of points. If the function is approximately constant (in particular, zero) over nearly all its range it is possible that the result and error estimate may be seriously wrong.

When integrating over infinite intervals do so explicitly, rather than just using a large number as the endpoint. This increases the chance of a correct answer – any function whose integral over an infinite interval is finite must be near zero for most of that interval.

For values at a finite set of points to be a fair reflection of the behaviour of the function elsewhere, the function needs to be well-behaved, for example differentiable except perhaps for a small number of jumps or integrable singularities.

Forever 21 Casual 21 21 Selling Forever Dress Dress Selling Forever Casual Selling f must accept a vector of inputs and produce a vector of function evaluations at those points. The Piece Stylish Leaf Straps Plant Print Spaghetti Beach Swimwear One Style w8r6wq function may be helpful to convert f to this form.

Source

Based on QUADPACK routines dqags and dqagi by R. Piessens and E. deDoncker–Kapenga, available from Netlib.

Casual Casual 21 Selling 21 21 Dress Forever Selling Dress Forever Selling Forever References

R. Piessens, E. deDoncker–Kapenga, C. Uberhuber, D. Kahaner (1983) 21 Forever Casual Selling Casual Selling Forever Selling 21 Forever 21 Dress Dress Quadpack: a Subroutine Package for Automatic Integration; Springer Verlag.

21 21 Forever Casual Dress Selling Casual Forever Forever 21 Selling Dress Selling Examples

integrate(dnorm, -1.96, 1.96)
integrate(dnorm, -Inf, Inf)

## a slowly-convergent integral
integrand <- function(x) {1/((x+1)*sqrt(x))}
integrate(integrand, lower = 0, upper = Inf)

## don't do this if you really want the integral from 0 to Inf
integrate(integrand, lower = 0, upper = 10)
integrate(integrand, lower = 0, upper = 100000)
integrate(integrand, lower = 0, upper = 1000000, stop.on.error = FALSE)

## some functions do not handle vector input properly
f <- function(x) 2.0
try(integrate(f, 0, 1))
integrate(Vectorize(f), 0, 1)  ## correct
integrate(function(x) rep(2.0, length(x)), 0, 1)  ## correct

## integrate can fail if misused
integrate(dnorm, 0, 2)
integrate(dnorm, 0, 20)
integrate(dnorm, 0, 200)
integrate(dnorm, 0, 2000)
integrate(dnorm, 0, 20000) ## fails on many systems
integrate(dnorm, 0, Inf)   ## works

integrate(dnorm, 0:1, 20) #-> error!
## "silently" gave  integrate(dnorm, 0, 20)  in earlier versions of R